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发表于 2009-9-13 18:12:44
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CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
Revised Edition
Robert J. Matthys
CONTENTS
1 . BACKGROUND
2 . QUARTZ CRYSTALS
3 . FUNDAMENTALS OF CRYSTAL OSCILLATION
3 . 1 . O s c i l l a t i o n 9
3.2. Series Resonance versus Parallel
Resonance 9
3.3. Basic Crystal Circuit Connections 10
3.4. Crystal Response to a Step Input 13
4. CIRCUIT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
4.1. Crystal’s Internal Series Resistance R, 17
4.2. Load Impedance across the Crystal
Terminals 18
4.3. Oscillator Loop Gain 19
4.4. Reduced Crystal Voltage Limits above
1 MHz 20
4.5. DC Biasing of Transistor and IC Amplifier
Stages 21
4.6. Transistor High-Frequency Gain Limit& 21
5. BASIC OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
5.1. Brief Overview and Circuit Survey 25
5.2. Miller 30
5.3. Colpitts 31
5.4. Low Capacitance Load 38
5.5. High Resistance Load 40
i x
25
x CONTENTS
5.6. Common Base 41
5.7. Series Resonance-IC 43
5.8. Pierce 45
5.9. Pierce-IC 51
5.10. Emitter Coupled 53
5.11. Modified Meacham 53
5.12. Special Oscillator ICs 57
5.13. Harmonic-Butler Common Base 58
5.14. Harmonic-Butler Emitter Follower 6 2
6. SHORT-TERM FREQUENCY STABILITY 65
6 . 1 . I n - C i r c u i t Q 6 5
6.2. Measurement of In-Circuit Q 6 9
7. ANALYSIS OF PHASE VERSUS FREQUENCY 79
7.1. Resistive Load on Crystal 80
7.2. Capacitive Load on Crystal 80
7.3. Pierce Circuit 83
7.4. Colpitts Circuit 84
7.5. Modified Meacham Circuit 85
7.6. Butler Harmonic Circuits, C-tap 89
7.7. Butler Harmonic Circuits, L-tap 9 3
6. TRIMMING THE CRYSTAL FREQUENCY 101
9. THE START-UP PROBLEM 103
9.1. Biasing ICs 103
9.2. Biasing Discrete Transistors 105
10. DISCRETE TRANSISTOR OSCILLATORS 109
A. Circuit Selection and Testing 109
B. Fundamental Circuits 111
10.1. Miller-FET 111
10.2. Miller-Transistor 111
10.3. Colpitts-FET 112
10.4. Colpitts-Transistor 116
10.5. Low Capacitance Load 119
10.6. High Resistance Load 121
10.7. Common Base-Transistor 124
10.8. Common Base-FET 127
CONTENTS
10.9. Pierce 127
10.10. Pierce at Exact Series Resonance 132
10.11. Pierce without Series Resistor 134
10.12. Emitter Coupled 134
10.13. Modified Meacham 137
C. Harmonic Circuits
10.14. Colpitts (20 MHz) 144
10.15. Butler Common Base (20 MHz, C-tap) 145
10.16. Butler Common Base (20 MHz, L-tap) 147
10.17. Butler Common Base (50 MHz) 147
10.18. Butler Common Base (100 MHz, C-tap) 149
10.19. Butler Common Base (100 MHz, L-tap) 150
10.20. Butler Emitter Follower (20 MHz, C-tap) 151
10.21. Butler Emitter Follower (20 MHz, L-tap) 151
10.22. Butler Emitter Follower (50 MHz) 154
10.23. Butler Emitter Follower (100 MHz, C-tap) 155
10.24. Butler Emitter Follower (100 MHz, L-tap) 156
10.25. Pierce (100 MHz) 158
xi
144
11. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OSCILLATORS
A. Circuit Selection
B. Series Resonance
11.1. CMOS Two-Inverters-4009 160
11.2. CMOS Two-Inverters-74C04 162
11.3. TTL Two-Inverters-7404 162
11.4. TTL Voltage Comparator-LM319 165
11.5. TTL Receiver-9615 168
11.6. TTL Receiver-8820 168
11.7. ECL Receiver- 10114 170
C. Pierce
11.8. CMOS Inverter-74C04 173
11.9. TTL Voltage Comparator-LM319 175
11.10. ECL Receiver-10114 175
D. Meacham
11.11. Meacham-10114 180
E. Special Oscillator ICs
11.12. CMOS 7209 183
11.13. TTL 74LS321 185
11.14. TTL SP705B 187
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1 2 .
11.15. ECL 12061 189
11.16. Linear LM375 191
11.17. Linear SL68OC 193
E VHF Harmonic
11.18. ECL Receiver-10216 (100 MHz) 195
COMPARING THE CIRCUITS
12.1. Performance Criteria 197
12.2. Oscillators Using Discrete Transistors 197
12.3. Series-Resonant Oscillators Using ICs 201
12.4. Pierce Oscillators Using ICs 206
12.5. Special Oscillator ICs 207
12.6. Bridge Oscillators 208
12.7. Bridge Oscillator Using An IC 211
12.8. Harmonic Oscillators 212
12.9. Which Is the Best Circuit? 213
13. OPTIMIZING THE OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
13.1. Selecting a Circuit 219
13.2. Circuit Design 220
References
Bibliography
Appendix A: RLC Half-Bridge Circuit
Appendix B: Emitter Coupled Harmonic Circuit
Appendix C: Feedback Bridge Circuit
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发表于 2009-9-13 18:07:58
