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Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications Networks

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发表于 2007-1-12 22:00:44 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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一本经典的书,主要江数字同步网的设计,比国内任何一本已出版的书都要好,这是个人认为的,wiley出版社又一优秀书籍!!!!!

CONTENTS
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations xix
Symbols xxvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Synchronization in Telecommunications 2
1.1.1 Carrier Synchronization 3
1.1.2 Symbol Synchronization 4
1.1.3 Frame Synchronization 6
1.1.4 Bit Synchronization 10
1.1.5 Packet Synchronization 11
1.1.6 Network Synchronization 14
1.1.7 Multimedia Synchronization 14
1.1.8 Synchronization of Real-Time Clocks 15
1.2 Outline of the Book 16
1.3 Summary 18
1.4 References 19
2 Asynchronous and Synchronous Digital Multiplexing 21
2.1 Basic Concepts 22
2.1.1 Timing Signals and Digital Signals 22
2.1.2 Timing Relationships between Digital Signals 24
2.1.3 Jitter and Wander 25
2.1.4 Asynchronous vs Synchronous Transfer Modes 28
2.1.5 Taxonomy of Multiplexing Techniques 30
2.1.6 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 32
2.2 The PCM Primary Multiplex 34
2.3 Digital Multiplexing 37
2.3.1 Synchronous Digital Multiplexing 39
2.3.2 Slips 40
2.3.3 Synchronous Digital Multiplexer and Demultiplexer 41
viii CONTENTS
2.3.4 Asynchronous Digital Multiplexing: Bit Justification 43
2.3.5 Asynchronous Digital Multiplexer and Demultiplexer 48
2.4 The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies (PDH) 51
2.4.1 The European Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (Ei) 52
2.4.2 The North American and Japanese Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchies (DSi/Ti) 53
2.5 The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and SONET 57
2.5.1 A Bit of History 57
2.5.2 Hierarchical Levels of SDH and SONET 58
2.5.3 SDH Frame Structure 58
2.5.4 Synchronous Multiplexing in SDH 61
2.5.5 Synchronous Multiplexing Elements 63
2.5.6 Example of PDH Signal Transport on SDH: Asynchronous
Mapping of the 139.264 Mbit/s 64
2.5.7 Example of PDH Signal Transport on SDH: Asynchronous
Mapping of the 2.048 Mbit/s 68
2.5.8 The Pointer Justification Mechanism: Synchronous
Multiplexing in Asynchronous Networks 72
2.5.9 SDH Equipment 79
2.5.10 ITU-T Standards on SDH 83
2.5.11 Summary of Characteristics of the SDH Signals 84
2.6 Asynchronous vs Synchronous Multiplex Frame Structures 87
2.7 Summary 88
2.8 References 90
3 Timing Aspects in SDH Networks 93
3.1 Causes of Jitter and Wander in an SDH Transmission Chain 93
3.1.1 Environmental Conditions (Temperature) 94
3.1.2 Overhead and Fixed Stuffing in the Mapping Structure 95
3.1.3 Bit Justification 96
3.1.4 Pointer Justification 96
3.2 Synchronization Processes along an SDH Transmission Chain 97
3.2.1 Mapping of the PDH Tributary into SDH Frames 98
3.2.2 Re-Synchronization of the VCs in SDH Intermediate Nodes 98
3.2.3 Demapping of the PDH Tributary from SDH Frames 98
3.2.4 The Average Frequency of Tributary Signals Is Transferred
along the Chain 99
3.3 SDH Synchronizer and Desynchronizer 100
3.3.1 Principle of Operation of an SDH Synchronizer 101
3.3.2 Principle of Operation of an SDH Desynchronizer 102
3.3.3 Phase-Locked Loops Used in Desynchronizers for Jitter
Reduction 103
3.3.4 Enhanced Design of Synchronizers: Stuff Threshold
Modulation 107
3.3.5 Enhanced Design of Desynchronizers: Reducing Pointer
Adjustment Jitter by Bit Leaking 114
CONTENTS ix
3.4 SDH Pointer Processor 119
3.4.1 Basic Pointer Processor 120
3.4.2 Advanced Pointer Processors 122
3.5 The SDH Equipment Clock 125
3.5.1 ITU-T Functional Description 125
3.5.2 Timing Modes 127
3.5.3 External Synchronization Physical Interface 128
3.6 Summary 128
3.7 References 129
4 Network Synchronization Architectures 131
4.1 An Historical Perspective on Network Synchronization 132
4.1.1 Synchronization in Analogue FDM Networks 133
4.1.2 Synchronization and PDH Digital Transmission 134
4.1.3 Synchronization and Digital Switching 135
4.1.4 Impact of Slips on Digital Services 137
4.1.5 Synchronization of Digital-Switching Equipment across
PDH Links 137
4.1.6 Synchronization and SDH/SONET Digital Transmission 139
4.1.7 Synchronization in ATM Transport Networks 141
4.1.8 Synchronization of Cellular Mobile Wireless Telephone
Networks 143
4.1.9 Synchronization Today and Beyond 144
4.2 Network Synchronization Strategies 145
4.2.1 Full Plesiochrony (Anarchy) 145
4.2.2 Master–Slave Synchronization (Despotism) 146
4.2.3 Mutual Synchronization (Democracy) 147
4.2.4 Mixed Mutual/Master–Slave Synchronization (Oligarchy) 148
4.2.5 Hierarchical Mutual Synchronization (Hierarchical
Democracy) 148
4.2.6 Hierarchical Master–Slave Synchronization (Hierarchical
Despotism) 149
4.2.7 Mixed Plesiochronous/Synchronous Networks (Independent
Despotic States) 150
4.3 Standard Architectures of Synchronization Network 150
4.3.1 The ETSI and ITU-T Synchronization Network Architecture 151
4.3.2 The ANSI Synchronization Network Architecture 156
4.4 Synchronization Network Planning 158
4.4.1 General Guidelines 159
4.4.2 Intra-Node Timing Distribution: the BITS/SASE concept 160
4.4.3 Guidelines for Inter-Node Timing Distribution 162
4.4.4 Synchronization Network Planning in SDH and SONET
Networks 162
4.5 Synchronization Network Management 163
4.5.1 Functional Areas and Abstraction Levels of Network
Management 163
x CONTENTS
4.5.2 TMN Management 166
4.5.3 TMN Functional Architecture, Reference Points and
Interfaces 167
4.5.4 Management Systems for Synchronization Networks 168
4.6 Synchronization Network Performance Monitoring 171
4.6.1 Synchronization Failures and Impairments 172
4.6.2 Strategies for Synchronization Network Performance
Monitoring 172
4.6.3 Methods for Synchronization Network Performance
Monitoring 174
4.7 Synchronization Network Protection: Synchronization Status
Messaging 179
4.7.1 Criteria for Designing a Synchronization Protection
Algorithm 180
4.7.2 Synchronization Status Messages 181
4.7.3 Synchronization Status Messages in SDH Networks 181
4.7.4 Synchronization Status Messages in SONET Networks 182
4.7.5 Synchronization Status Messages in PDH Networks 182
4.7.6 Rules for Selecting the Active Reference after Failure 183
4.7.7 Basic Rules for SSM Generation 184
4.7.8 Example of Automatic Synchronization Protection in an
SDH Ring by Use of Synchronization Status Messages 184
4.8 Examples of Synchronization Networks 186
4.8.1 The Synchronization Network of AT&T (USA) 186
4.8.2 The Synchronization Network of Swiss PTT 188
4.8.3 The Synchronization Network of NTT (Japan) 191
4.8.4 The Synchronization Network of France Telecom 192
4.8.5 The Synchronization Network of Telecom Argentina 193
4.8.6 Synchronization of the Telephone Digital Switching
Network of Telecom Italia 194
4.8.7 The New Synchronization Network of Telecom Italia 196
4.9 Summary 198
4.10 References 199
5 Characterization and Modelling of Clocks 203
5.1 Clocks and Timing Signals 203
5.2 Timing Signal Model and Basic Quantities 204
5.3 Basic Concepts of Quality of Clocks: Stability and Accuracy 207
5.3.1 Stability 208
5.3.2 Accuracy 209
5.4 Autonomous Clocks 209
5.5 Slave Clocks 210
5.5.1 Phase-Locked Loop Fundamentals 211
5.5.2 Second-Order Phase-Locked Loop 218
5.5.3 Third-Order, Type-3 Phase-Locked Loop 221
5.5.4 PLL Performance with Input Additive Noise 222
5.5.5 PLL Performance with Internal Noise Sources 225
5.5.6 Operational Ranges of Slave Clocks 226
CONTENTS xi
5.5.7 Operation Modes of Slave Clocks in a Synchronization
Network 227
5.6 Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Stability Characterization 228
5.7 Clock Stability Characterization in the Frequency Domain 229
5.7.1 Power Spectral Density of the Timing Signal 229
5.7.2 Power Spectral Densities of Phase and Frequency
Fluctuations 230
5.7.3 Other Spectral Measures 231
5.8 Clock Stability Characterization in the Time Domain 231
5.8.1 Basic Measurement of y(t) in the Time Domain 232
5.8.2 Classical Variance of y(t) (True Variance) 233
5.8.3 M-Sample Variance of y(t) 234
5.8.4 Allan Variance 234
5.8.5 Modified Allan Variance 235
5.8.6 Time Variance (TVAR) 236
5.8.7 Root Mean Square of the Time Interval Error (TIErms ) 236
5.8.8 Maximum Time Interval Error 236
5.8.9 Standard Estimators of Stability Quantities Defined in
ITU-T Recommendations and ETSI Standards 238
5.8.10 Translation from Frequency-Domain to Time-Domain
Measures 240
5.8.11 Hadamard Variance 246
5.9 Common Types of Clock Noise 246
5.9.1 Power-Law Noise 247
5.9.2 Periodic Noise 250
5.9.3 Background White Phase Noise Due to Trigger and
Quantization Errors 251
5.10 Behaviour of the Time-Domain Stability Quantities: Autonomous
Clocks 253
5.10.1 Power-Law Noise 253
5.10.2 Frequency Offset and Drift 260
5.10.3 Periodic Noise 261
5.11 Behaviour of the Time-Domain Stability Quantities: Slave
Clocks 265
5.12 Chains of Slave Clocks 267
5.13 Summary 272
5.14 References 273
Appendix 5A Fast Computation of TVAR Estimator by Recursion
Algorithm 276
Appendix 5B Fast Computation of MTIE Estimator by Binary
Decomposition 277
5B.1 Plain Computation of MTIE Estimator 277
5B.2 MTIE Computation by Binary Decomposition 277
5B.3 Computational Saving 279
6 Physical Principles and Technology of Clocks 283
6.1 Clocks 284
6.2 Quartz-Crystal Oscillators 284
xii CONTENTS
6.2.1 Plain Crystal Oscillators 285
6.2.2 Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillators 285
6.2.3 Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillators 286
6.2.4 Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillators 286
6.2.5 Performance and Characteristics of Crystal Oscillators 286
6.3 Atomic Frequency Standards 287
6.3.1 Physical Principle of Operation 288
6.3.2 Caesium-Beam Frequency Standard 289
6.3.3 Hydrogen-MASER Frequency Standard 290
6.3.4 Rubidium-Gas-Cell Frequency Standard 291
6.3.5 Performance and Characteristics of Atomic Frequency
Standards 293
6.4 The Global Positioning System 293
6.4.1 How Does GPS Work 294
6.4.2 Space Segment 294
6.4.3 NAVSTAR Control Segment 296
6.4.4 User Segment 297
6.4.5 NAVSTAR GPS Signals 297
6.4.6 NAVSTAR Standard and Precise Positioning Services 298
6.4.7 Differential GPS 299
6.4.8 Use of GPS for Time and Frequency Dissemination 300
6.5 Summary 301
6.6 References 302
7 Time and Frequency Measurement Techniques in
Telecommunications 305
7.1 Basic Concepts 305
7.1.1 Measuring the Power Spectral Density of the Timing
Signal (RF Power Spectrum) 306
7.1.2 Quantities Recommended by IEEE for Frequency Stability
Measurement 307
7.1.3 Quantities Defined in International Standards and Their
Estimators 307
7.1.4 Hierarchy of Time and Frequency Measurement Techniques 308
7.1.5 Estimating of the Frequency Offset and Linear Drift 309
7.1.6 Confidence of the Allan Variance Estimate 310
7.1.7 Separating the Variances of the Clock under Test and of
the Reference Clock 312
7.1.8 Measuring Frequency Stability in the Independent and in
the Synchronized Clock Configuration 313
7.1.9 Impact of the TE Sampling Period on the Behaviour of the
Stability Quantities 316
7.2 Instrumentation for Time and Frequency Measurement in
Telecommunications 322
7.2.1 Low-Noise Mixer 323
7.2.2 Frequency Synthesizer 323
7.2.3 Analogue and Digital Spectrum Analysers 324
7.2.4 Digital Time Counter 325
CONTENTS xiii
7.3 Direct Digital Measurement 327
7.3.1 Measurement of Time Intervals (Direct Digital
Measurement of Time Error) 328
7.3.2 Measurement of the Frequency 329
7.3.3 Measurement of the Period 330
7.3.4 Techniques for Enhancing the Measurement Sensitivity 330
7.4 Heterodyne Techniques: The Beat-Frequency Method 331
7.5 Homodyne Techniques 333
7.5.1 Delay-Line Methods 334
7.5.2 Phase-Locked Loop Methods 334
7.6 Multiple Conversion Techniques 336
7.6.1 Frequency Synthesis 336
7.6.2 The Dual-Mixer Time-Difference Technique 337
7.7 Clock Stability Measurement in Telecommunications 339
7.7.1 Distinctive Features 339
7.7.2 Practical Measurement Procedure by Acquisition of
Sequences of Time Error Samples 340
7.7.3 Measurement of Maximum Time Interval Error 347
7.8 Other Measurements on Equipment Clocks 359
7.8.1 Output Jitter 360
7.8.2 Jitter Tolerance 361
7.8.3 Jitter Transfer Function 363
7.8.4 Hold-in, Pull-out, Lock-in and Pull-in Ranges 363
7.8.5 Output Phase Transients 364
7.9 Network Measurements 368
7.10 Summary 370
7.11 References 372
Appendix 7A Experimental Set-up and Procedure Followed for
Measurement Results Shown in Chapters 5 and 7 374
Glossary of Terms 377
Index 391

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" 您所在的用户组无法下载或查看附件"

请问这个提示,是说我权限不够,还是去的地方不对?
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顶一下,不知道怎么样
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确实是好书,先谢谢了
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应该不错,谢了先.
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同步可以讲到这样子,的确不容易
发表于 2007-8-8 15:39:24 | 显示全部楼层
good!
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