CMOS CRYSATL

rfic168 · 发表于 2009-9-13 18:15:48

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OSCILLATOR DESIGN AND COMPUTER SIMULATION

rfic168 · 发表于 2009-9-13 18:20:52

Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation by Randall W. Rhea
OSCILLATOR DESIGN
AND
COMPUTER SIMULATION
Randall W. Rhea
Founder and President
Eagleware Corporation
Contents
Preface
1 Analysis Fundamentals
1.1 Voltage Transfer Functions
1.2 Power Transfer Functions
1.3 Scattering Parameters
1.4 The Smith Chart
1.5 Radially Scaled Parameters
1.6 Matching
1.7 Broadband Amplifier Without Feedback
1.8 Stability
1.9 Broadband Amplifier With Feedback
1.10 Component Parasitics
1.11 Amplifier With Parasitics
1.12 References
2 Oscillator Fundamentals
2.1 Example
2.2 Mismatch
2.3 Relation to Classic Oscillator Theory
2.4 Loaded Q
2.5 L-C Resonator Configurations
2.6 L-C Resonator Phase Shift
2.7 Resonators as Matching Networks
2.8 Resonator Voltage
2.9 Transmission Line Resonators
. . .
XIII
Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation
2.10 Re-entrance 48
2.11 Quartz Crystal Resonators 49
2.12 Crystal Dissipation 52
2.13 Pulling Crystal Oscillators 53
2.14 Ceramic Piezoelectric Resonators 56
2.15 SAW Resonators 58
2.16 Multiple Resonators 59
2.17 Phase 62
2.18 Negative Resistance Analysis 65
2.19 Emitter Capacitance in Negative-R Oscillators 70
2.20 Looking Through the Resonator 73
2.21 Negative Resistance Oscillator Noise 74
2.22 Negative Conductance Oscillators 75
2.23 Stability Factor and Oscillator Design 80
2.24 Output Coupling 81
2.25 Pulling 84
2.26 Pushing 86
2.27 References 86
3 Limiting and Starting 89
3.1 Limiting 89
3.2 Amplitude and Frequency Stability 90
3.3 Class-A Operation 91
3.4 Near-Class-A Example 92
3.5 Predicting Output Level 96
3.6 Output Harmonic Content 102
3.7 Class-C Power Oscillators 104
3.8 Starting 105
3.9 Starting Time 106
3.10 Bias Time Constant 108
3.11 Frequency Effects of Limiting 109
3.12 References 110
Contents vii
4 Noise 111
4.1 Single-Sideband Phase Noise 111
4.2 Amplifier Noise 112
4.3 Amplifier Flicker Noise 113
4.4 Oscillator Noise 114
4.5 Oscillator Noise Nomograph 116
4.6 Residual Phase and Frequency Modulation 118
4.7 Varactor Modulation Phase Noise 120
4.8 Buffer Amplifiers 121
4.9 Frequency Multiplication 124
4.10 Discrete Sidebands 124
4.11 Power Supply Noise 125
4.12 Low-Noise Design Suggestions 126
4.13 Typical Oscillator Noise Performance 128
4.14 References 131
5 Biasing 133
5.1 Bipolar Transistor Biasing 133
5.2 Simple Feedback Biasing 134
5.3 One-Battery Biasing 136
5.4 CC Negative Supply Biasing 137
5.5 Dual Supply Biasing 138
5.6 JFET Biasing 139
5.7 Grounded Source 139
5.8 Self-Bias 140
5.9 Dual-gate FET 141
5.10 Active Bipolar Biasing 143
5.11 Hybrid Biasing 144
5.12 References 145
. . .
Vlll Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation
6 Computer Techniques 147
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
7 Circuits 183
7.1 Frequency Range 184
7.2 Stability 185
7.3 Tuning Bandwidth 185
7.4 Phase Noise 187
7.5 Simplicity 187
7.6 General Comments 187
7.7 Output Coupling 189
7.8 References 189
Oscillator Simulation 148
Simple Resonator Example 149
Oscillator Synthesis 153
6.3.1 Synthesis Example 153
6.3.2 Analysis of the Example 155
6.3.3 Optimization of the Example 155
6.3.4 Noise Performance of the Example 157
SPICE Analysis of Oscillators 159
Loaded Q Limitation 161
1OOMHz Loop Oscillator Measured Data 161
Negative-Resistance Oscillator Computer 164
6.7.1 Analysis Fundamentals 165
6.7.2 Device Selection 166
6.7.3 Circuit Enhancements 168
Broad Tuning UHF VCO Example 170
6.8.1 Frequency Tuning Linearity 174
Spice Analysis of the UHF VCO 177
6.9.1 Oscillator Starting Time 178
6.9.2 The Oscillator Spectrum 181
References 182
Contents
8 L-C Oscillators
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Capacitors 191
Inductors 193
L-C Colpitts Oscillator 196
8.3.1 Output Coupling 199
L-C Clapp Oscillator 199
8.4.1 Tuning 200
8.4.2 Output Coupling 202
8.4.3 Circuit Vagaries 202
8.4.4 Operating Frequency 202
L-C Bipolar Transistor Oscillator 202
8.5.1 Tuning 205
8.5.2 Coupling Capacitor Inductance 206
8.5.3 Controlling the Phase 206
8.5.4 The Bipolar Amplifier 207
L-C Hybrid Oscillator 207
References 211
9 Distributed Oscillators
9.1 Negative Resistance UHF Oscillator
9.1.1 Circuit Vagaries
9.1.2 L-C Resonator Form
9.1.3 Output Coupling
9.1.4 Advantages
9.1.5 Circuit Variations
9.2 Negative-R Oscillator with Transformer
9.3 Bipolar Cavity Oscillator
9.3.1 Tuning
9.3.2 Example
9.4 Hybrid Cavity Oscillator
9.5 References
ix
X Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation
IO SAW Oscillators 235
10.1 SAW Bipolar Oscillator 236
10.1.1 Output Coupling 238
10.2 SAW Hybrid Oscillator 238
10.2.1 Tuning 239
10.2.2 Element Values 241
10.2.3 Output Coupling 242
10.3 SAW Dual-gate FET Oscillator 242
10.3.1 Element Values 245
10.3.2 Output Coupling 246
10.4 References 246
11 Quartz Crystal Oscillators 247
11.1 Pierce Crystal Oscillator 248
11.1.1 Loaded Q 249
11.1.2 Element Values 250
11.1.3 Dissipation 251
11.2 Colpitts Crystal Oscillator 251
11.2.1 Limitations 251
11.2.2 Element Values 253
11.2.3 Comments 254
11.3 High-Performance Crystal Oscillator 254
11.3.1 Performance 255
11.3.2 Low-Frequency Overtone Crystals 256
11.3.3 Example 256
11.3.4 Element Values 258
11.3.5 Frequency Pulling 259
11.3.6 Phase Noise 259
11.3.7 AM-to-PM Conversion 261
11.4 Butler Overtone Crystal Oscillator 261
11.4.1 Pulling 263
11.4.2 Circuit Tips 264
11.5 Butler Oscillator-Multiplier 265
11.5.1 Example 266
11.5.2 Modulation 267
11.6 References 269
Contents xi
12 Case Studies 271
12.1 Assumed Specifications 271
12.2 Low-Noise 910-920 MHz VCO 273
12.2.1 Initial Observations 273
12.2.2 Noise Analysis 274
12.2.3 Proposed Oscillator 275
12.2.4 Test Results 277
12.3 ‘Ultra Low Cost 939 MHz VCO 278
12.3.1 Reducing the Cost 279
12.3.2 Test Results 281
12.3.3 Varactorless VCO 283
12.3.4 One Transistor Resistor and Cap VCO 283
12.4 Low Harmonic, Low Load Pull VCO 284
12.4.1 Harmonic Performance 285
12.4.2 Output Filtering 285
12.4.3 Resonator Coupling 287
12.4.4 Buffering 289
12.4.5 Measured Performance 289
12.4.6 Noise Performance 291
12.5 Higher Power Oscillator 292
12.5.1 Initial Considerations 292
12.5.2 Measured Results 295
12.6 References 296