Intuitive Analog Circuit Design

adefan

Intuitive Analog Circuit Design-- A Problem-Solving Approachusing Design Case Studies
ByMarc T. Thompson, Ph.D.

vii
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1: Introduction and Motivation .......................................................1
The Need for Analog Designers ...............................................................................1
Some Early History of Technological Advances in Analog Integrated Circuits ......2
Digital vs. Analog Implementation: Designer’s Choice ..........................................6
So, Why Do We Become Analog Designers? ..........................................................8
Note on Nomenclature in this Text ..........................................................................9
Note on Coverage in this Book ................................................................................9
References ..............................................................................................................10
U.S. Patents ............................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Review of Signal-Processing Basics ...........................................13
Review of Laplace Transforms, Transfer Functions and Pole-Zero Plots .............13
First-Order System Response ................................................................................15
Second-Order Systems ...........................................................................................23
Review of Resonant Electrical Circuits .................................................................33
Use of Energy Methods to Analyze Undamped Resonant Circuits .......................34
Transfer Functions, Pole/Zero Plots and Bode Plots .............................................36
Risetime for Cascaded Systems .............................................................................37
Chapter 2 Problems ................................................................................................38
References ..............................................................................................................42
Chapter 3: Review of Diode Physics and the Ideal
(and Later, Nonideal) Diode ....................................................................43
Current Flow in Insulators, Good Conductors and Semiconductors .....................43
Electrons and Holes ...............................................................................................45
Drift, Diffusion, Recombination and Generation ...................................................48
Effects of Semiconductor Doping ..........................................................................53
PN Junction Under Thermal Equilibrium ..............................................................54
PN Junction Under Applied Forward Bias .............................................................57
Contents
viii
Reverse Biased Diode ............................................................................................61
Ideal Diode Equation .............................................................................................62
Charge Storage in Diodes ......................................................................................63
Charge Storage in the Diode Under Forward Bias ................................................65
Reverse Recovery in Bipolar Diodes .....................................................................65
Reverse Breakdown ...............................................................................................66
Taking a Look at a Diode Datasheet ......................................................................67
Some Quick Comments on Schottky Diodes .........................................................70
Chapter 3 Problems ................................................................................................71
References ..............................................................................................................74
Chapter 4: Bipolar Transistor Models ..........................................................75
A Little Bit of History ............................................................................................75
Basic NPN Transistor .............................................................................................76
Transistor Models in Different Operating Regions ................................................79
Low-Frequency Incremental Bipolar Transistor Model .........................................82
High-Frequency Incremental Model ......................................................................85
Reading a Transistor Datasheet ..............................................................................88
Limitations of Hybrid-Pi Model ............................................................................93
Chapter 4 Problems ................................................................................................94
References ..............................................................................................................95
Chapter 5: Basic Bipolar Transistor Amplifi ers and Biasing .......................97
The Issue of Transistor Biasing..............................................................................97
Some Transistor Amplifi ers..................................................................................101
Chapter 5 Problems ..............................................................................................121
References ............................................................................................................125
Chapter 6: Bandwidth Estimation Techniques and the
Method of Open-Circuit Time Constants .............................................127
Introduction to Open-Circuit Time Constants......................................................127
Transistor Amplifi er Examples ............................................................................132
Chapter 6 Problems ..............................................................................................156
References ............................................................................................................159
Chapter 7: Advanced Transistor Amplifi er Techniques ............................161
Worst-Case Open-Circuit Time Constant Calculations .......................................161
High-Frequency Output and Input Impedance of Emitter-Follower Buffers .......168
Bootstrapping .......................................................................................................177
Short-Circuit Time Constants ..............................................................................184
Contents
ix
Pole Splitting ........................................................................................................196
Chapter 7 Problems ..............................................................................................202
References ............................................................................................................205
Chapter 8: High-Gain Bipolar Amplifi ers and BJT Current Mirrors ........207
The Need to Augment the Hybrid-Pi Model ........................................................207
Base-Width Modulation .......................................................................................209
Finding Parameters from a Transistor Datasheet .................................................211
Common-Emitter Amplifi er with Current Source Load ......................................212
Building Blocks ...................................................................................................213
Chapter 8 Problems ..............................................................................................238
References ............................................................................................................240
Chapter 9: Introduction to MOSFET Devices and
Basic MOS Amplifi ers ............................................................................241
Some Early History of Field-Effect Transistors ...................................................241
Qualitative Discussion of Basic MOS Devices ....................................................242
Figuring Out the V/I Curve of a MOS Device .....................................................243
MOS Small-Signal Model (Low Frequency) .......................................................246
MOS Small-Signal Model (High Frequency) ......................................................247
Basic MOS Amplifi ers .........................................................................................248
Chapter 9 Problems ..............................................................................................266
References ............................................................................................................268
Chapter 10: Bipolar Transistor Switching and the
Charge Control Model ...........................................................................269
Introduction ..........................................................................................................269
Development of the Switching Models ................................................................269
Reverse-Active Region ........................................................................................271
Saturation .............................................................................................................272
Junction Capacitances ..........................................................................................274
Relationship Between Charge Control and Hybrid-Pi Parameters ......................274
Finding Junction Capacitances from the Datasheet .............................................275
Manufacturers’ Testing ........................................................................................277
Charge Control Model Examples .........................................................................277
Emitter Switching ................................................................................................292
2N2222 Datasheet Excerpts ....................................................................................... 294
Chapter 10 Problems ............................................................................................298
References ............................................................................................................303
Contents
x
Chapter 11: Review of Feedback Systems .................................................305
Introduction and Some Early History of Feedback Control ................................305
Invention of the Negative Feedback Amplifi er ....................................................306
Control System Basics .........................................................................................308
Loop Transmission and Disturbance Rejection ...................................................309
Stability ................................................................................................................310
Routh Stability Criterion ......................................................................................311
The Phase Margin and Gain Margin Tests ...........................................................314
Relationship Between Damping Ratio and Phase Margin ...................................315
Loop Compensation Techniques—Lead and Lag Networks ...............................316
Parenthetical Comment on Some Interesting Feedback Loops ...........................317
Appendix: MATLAB Scripts ...............................................................................338
Chapter 11 Problems ............................................................................................342
References ............................................................................................................345
Chapter 12: Basic Operational Amplifi er Topologies
and a Case Study ...................................................................................347
Basic Device Operation .......................................................................................347
Brief Review of LM741 Op-Amp Schematic ......................................................358
Some Real-World Limitations of Operational Amplifi ers ...................................359
Chapter 12 Problems ............................................................................................366
References ............................................................................................................367
Chapter 13: Review of Current Feedback Operational Amplifi ers ..........369
Conventional Voltage-Feedback Op-Amp and the
Constant “Gain Bandwidth Product” Paradigm ...............................................369
Slew Rate Limitations in Conventional Op-Amps ...............................................371
Basic Current Feedback Op-Amp ........................................................................372
Absence of Slew Rate Limit in Current Feedback Op-Amps ..............................375
Manufacturer’s Datasheet Information for a Current Feedback Amplifi er ..........379
A More Detailed Model and Some Comments on Current-Feedback
Op-Amp Limitations ........................................................................................381
Chapter 13 Problems ............................................................................................382
References ............................................................................................................383
Chapter 14: Analog Low-Pass Filters .........................................................385
Introduction ..........................................................................................................385
Review of Low-Pass Filter Basics .......................................................................386
Butterworth Filter .................................................................................................387
Chebyshev Filter ..................................................................................................390
Contents
xi
Bessel Filter .........................................................................................................395
Comparison of Responses of Different Filter Types ............................................398
Filter Implementation ...........................................................................................400
Chapter 14 Problems ............................................................................................414
References ............................................................................................................416
Chapter 15: Review of Passive Components and a
Case Study in PC Board Layout .............................................................417
Resistors ...............................................................................................................417
Comments on Surface-Mount Resistors ..............................................................419
Comments on Resistor Types ...............................................................................420
Capacitors ............................................................................................................421
Inductors ..............................................................................................................424
Discussion of Printed-Circuit Board Layout Issues .............................................425
Approximate Inductance of a PC Board Trace Above a Ground Plane ...............428
Chapter 15 Problems ............................................................................................436
References ............................................................................................................437
Chapter 16: Other Useful Design Techniques and Loose Ends ................439
Thermal Circuits ..................................................................................................439
Steady-State Model of Conductive Heat Transfer ...............................................440
Thermal Energy Storage ......................................................................................441
Using Thermal Circuit Analogies to Determine Static Semiconductor
Junction Temperature .......................................................................................444
Mechanical Circuit Analogies ..............................................................................444
The Translinear Principle .....................................................................................449
Input Impedance of Infi nitely Long Resistive Ladder .........................................451
Transmission Lines 101 .......................................................................................451
Node Equations and Cramer’s Rule .....................................................................455
Finding Oscillation Modes ...................................................................................458
Some Comments on Scaling Laws in Nature ......................................................463
Chapter 16 Problems ............................................................................................469
References ............................................................................................................472
Index ............................................................................................................475
What’s on the CD-ROM? .............................................................................480

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