Principel of modern digital design

西湖水

This book covers allmajor topics needed in amodern digital design course.Anumber of good
textbooks in digital design are currently available. Some of these introduceVhdlbefore students
get a good grasp of the fundamentals of digital design. VHDL is a language that is used
to describe the function of digital circuits/systems. In the author’s opinion, students benefit
more from VHDL only when they can appreciate the advantages of using it in digital
design. In this book, VHDL is introduced only after a thorough coverage of combinational
circuit design and a discussion of the fundamental concepts of sequential circuits.
The complexity of modern digital systems is such that they have to be designed using
computer-aided design (CAD) synthesis and minimization tools. The techniques used in
some of the CAD tools, for example computer-aided minimization, multilevel logic
design, and state assignment are inadequately covered or not covered at all in current
undergraduate text books. In this book, the basic concepts of some of these important techniques
are introduced in appropriate chapters. The material has been discussed in a tutorial
form, although the nature of certain topics makes an abstract discussion unavoidable. The
objective is not to achieve understanding at the expense of avoiding necessary theory, but
to clarify the theory with illustrative examples in order to establish the theoretical basis for
practical implementations.
The book is subdivided into ten chapters.
Chapter 1 provides coverage of number representations and considers various number
formats. It also discusses binary arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive coverage of a miscellany of basic topics in discrete
mathematics required for understanding material presented in later chapters. Also, the
operations of various gates used to construct logic circuits are discussed.
Chapter 3 provides an in-depth coverage of combinational logic circuit analysis, minimization,
and design techniques. The representation of Boolean functions using cubes is
explained and the concept of tautology is discussed. The principles of heuristic minimization,
different types of don’t cares and multilevel logic synthesis is explained with
many examples. A detailed coverage of all types of arithmetic circuits including BCD
addition/subtraction algorithms and carry-save addition techniques is provided. Multiplication
and division are thoroughly discussed. Combinational logic implementation using
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) is also covered.
Chapter 4 presents the basic concepts of sequential circuits. The operation of memory
elements is analyzed. The use of state diagrams and state tables to represent the behavior
of sequential circuits is discussed. Also, the distinction between synchronous and asynchronous
operation of sequential circuits is clarified.
It is quite routine in the electronics industry to use a hardware description language such
as VHDL to describe the function of digital circuits. Chapter 5 introduces the language in
sufficient detail so that readers can write VHDL code for representing digital circuits.Several examples are given to clarify different ways of representing digital circuit using
VHDL. This chapter is not meant to be an exhaustive guide toVHDL; a number of excellent
books that deal exclusively with VHDL have been published in recent years.
Chapter 6 builds on the previous chapter and focuses on VHDL code for computeraided
synthesis of combinational logic circuits. Certain features of the VHDL that result
in more efficient code for combinational logic circuits are presented. All these are illustrated
with complete VHDL codes that have been compiled and synthesized using
Altera Corporation’s Quartus II software package.
Chapter 7 provides a clear picture of how sequential circuits are designed using fundamental
building blocks (e.g., latches and flip-flops) rather than presenting a rigorous mathematical
structure of such circuits. Algorithms that are used in some of the currently
popular computer-aided state assignment techniques are discussed. A good coverage of
partition algebra for deriving state assignment has been included. A detailed discussion
of sequential circuit implementation using PLDs is also presented.
Chapter 8 provides comprehensive coverage of counters. Counters are important in
many digital applications. Several design examples and illustrations are provided to
clarify the design of various types of counters.
Chapter 9 presents VHDL coding of sequential circuits. The coding style for sequential
circuits is different from that of combinational circuits. Combinational circuits are usually
coded using concurrent VHDL statements whereas sequential circuits use mainly sequential
VHDL statements. Many examples of VHDL coding of sequential circuits are
included; these codes have been compiled and synthesized using Quartus II.
Chapter 10 covers design principles for traditional fundamental mode non-synchronous
sequential circuits. The concepts of race and hazard are clarified with examples, and state
assignment techniques to avoid these are also discussed.
All modern digital systems are implemented using CMOS technology. A short introduction
to CMOS logic is provided in Appendix A.
A Quartus II CD ROM from Altera Corporation is included in the book. All the
examples in the book have been compiled and synthesized using this state-of-the-art
and user-friendly software package.
This book is primarily intended as a college text for a two-semester course in logic design
for students in electrical/computer engineering and computer science degree programs,
or in electrical/computer technology. It does not require any previous knowledge of
electronics; only some general mathematical ability is assumed.
In the first (introductory) course the following sequence of chapters may be covered:
Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3 (3.1 to 3.4, 3.8, 3.12 to 3.14), Chapter 4, Chapter 7
(Sections 7.1–7.5), Chapter 8.
In the second (more advanced) course the suggested sequence of chapters is: Chapter 3
(Sections 3.5 to 3.7, 3.9 to 3.11), Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 (Section 7.6), Chapter 9
and Chapter 10.
Although the book is meant to be used for a two-semester course sequence, certain
sections can be omitted to fit the material in a typical one-semester course. Individual
instructors may select chapters at their discretion to suit the needs of a particular digital
design course they are teaching.
This book should also be extremely useful for practicing engineers who took logic
design courses five or more years ago, to update their knowledge. Electrical engineers
who are not logic designers by training but wish to become one, can use this book for
self-study.
I am grateful to Dr. Karen Panetta of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Tufts University for her constructive review and suggestions, and for permitting
me to use problems from her laboratory curriculum in VHDL.
I would also like to thank my former students in several universities who took digital
design courses I taught over the years. I made references to class projects of some of them
in appropriate sections of the book.
I am greatly indebted to my wife, Meena, for her patience. She has been a constant
source of support throughout the writing of the book. Finally I would like to thank my
children Nupur and Kunal for their quiet encouragement and for being who they are.
PARAG K. LALA

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