WIRELESS AND MOBILE
DATANETWORKS
AFTAB AHMAD
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright (C) 2005 by John Wiley & Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Ahmad,Aftab,1961–
Wireless and mobile data networks / Aftab Ahmad.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13 978-0-471-67075-9 (cloth)
ISBN-10 0-471-67075-8 (cloth)
1.Wireless communication systems.2.Mobile communication systems.3.Computer
networks.I.Title.
TK5103.2.A43 2005
621.382—dc22
2004025911
Printed in the United States of America.
10987654321
To Mahmooda
CONTENTS
PREFACExxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxxix
1.WIRELESS DATA—INTRODUCTION1
1.1.Wireless Voice/2
1.1.1.Fixed Minimum Bandwidth/2
1.1.2.Vague Definition of Service Quality/3
1.1.3.Delay Requirements/4
1.2.Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)/5
1.2.1.Ad Hoc WLAN/5
1.2.2.Infrastructure WLAN/6
1.3.Wide Area Cellular Networks/7
1.4.Fixed Wireless Networks/8
1.5.Personal Area Networks/10
1.6.Satellite-Based Data Networks/10
1.7.Mobile IP/12
1.8.The Wireless Spectrum/13
1.8.1.Licensed and License-Free Bands/14
1.8.2.Low-Power Wireless Data Systems/14
1.8.3.Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)/14
1.8.4.The ISM Band/15
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.8.5.U-NII Spectrum/16
1.8.6.Cellular Systems’ Spectrum/16
1.8.7.Fixed Wireless Systems/17
1.8.8.Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)/20
1.8.9.Satellite Data Communications/20
References/21
2.REFERENCE ARCHITECTURES FOR WIRELESS DATA
NETWORKS23
TM
2.1.Bluetooth
/24
2.1.1.Bluetooth Radio/25
2.1.2.Baseband Layer/26
2.1.3.Link Management Protocol (LMP)/26
2.1.4.Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol Layer
(L2CAP)/26
2.1.5.Bluetooth Profiles/26
2.1.5.1.Generic Access Profile (GAP)/26
2.1.5.2.Service Discovery Application Profile
(SDAP)/27
2.2.IEEE 802.11/27
2.2.1.Physical Layer (PHY)/29
2.2.1.1.Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)
Sublayer/29
2.2.1.2.Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
(PLCP)/29
2.2.2.Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer/30
2.2.2.1.Contention Windows/30
2.2.3.Layer and Station Management Planes/31
2.3.HIPERLAN/2/32
2.3.1.Physical Layer/32
2.3.1.1.Link Adaptation/33
2.3.2.Data Link Control Layer/33
2.3.2.1.MAC/33
2.3.2.2.Radio Link Control (RLC)/33
2.3.2.3.Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)/33
2.3.2.4.Error Control (EC)/34
2.3.3.Convergence Layer (CL)/34
2.4.Broadband Wireless Access Networks/35
2.4.1.The User Plane/36
CONTENTS ix
2.4.2.MAC Layer/36
2.4.2.1.Convergence Sublayer (CS)/37
2.4.2.2.MAC Common Part Sublayer (CPS)/37
2.4.2.3.Privacy Sublayer/37
2.4.3.PHY/37
2.4.4.IEEE 802.16a /37
2.4.5.Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
Network/38
2.5.Cellular Data Networks/38
2.5.1.North American and European Cellular Networks/38
2.5.2.Voice-Grade Modems/39
2.5.3.Relative Look at Cellular Network Generations/40
2.5.4.Core Network/42
2.6.Summary/43
References/43
3.COMPONENTS OF AWIRELESS LAN47
3.1.Local Area Networks (LANs)/48
3.1.1.LAN Interconnection (Topology)/49
3.1.2.Addressing Mechanisms/50
3.1.3.Medium Specification/50
3.1.4.Physical Layer Mechanisms/51
3.1.5.Data Link Control Layer/51
3.1.6.Traffic Differentiation/51
3.1.7.WAN/LAN Connection/51
3.2.Wireless LAN Components/52
3.2.1.Physical Layer Components/52
3.2.1.1.Station Types/52
3.2.1.2.Channel Media/53
3.2.1.3.Physical Link/53
3.2.1.4.Signal Conditioning/53
3.2.1.5.Interference-Reduction Mechanisms/54
3.2.1.6.Modulation of Signals/56
3.2.1.7.Data Transmission/56
3.2.1.8.Convergence Procedures/56
3.2.1.9.Rate Selection Capability/56
3.2.1.10.Synchronization,Flow and Error-Control
Capabilities/57
3.2.1.11.Physical Layer Management/57
x CONTENTS
3.2.2.Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
Components/58
3.2.2.1.Network Configurations/58
3.2.2.2.Channel Access/58
3.2.2.3.Multiple Access/59
3.2.2.4.User and Data Privacy/62
3.2.2.5.Power-Management Mechanisms/63
3.2.2.6.Fragmentation/63
3.2.2.7.Multimedia Service/64
3.2.2.8.Packet Forwarding/64
3.2.2.9.Mobility Support/64
3.2.2.10.MAC Layer Management/65
3.2.2.11.MAC Frames/65
3.2.2.12.Teleconferencing Capability/65
3.2.3.Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer/66
References/66
4.WLANs: THE PHYSICALLAYER67
4.1.IEEE 802.11 Standards Suite/68
4.1.1.Station Types/68
4.1.2.Channel Media/69
4.1.3.Physical Links/69
4.1.4.Signal Conditioning/70
4.1.5.IEEE 802.11g PHY/70
4.2.Interference Rejection Using Barker Sequence,OFDM and
CCK/72
4.2.1.11-Bit Barker Sequence/73
4.2.2.Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)/75
4.2.3.Complementary Code Keying (CCK)/76
4.2.4.PHY Data Transmission/77
4.2.4.1.PLCP Frame Format for 802.11 Series/78
4.2.4.2.Meanings of Frame Fields/78
4.3.HIPERLAN PHY/79
4.3.1.Station Types/81
4.3.2.Channel Media/81
4.3.3.Signal Conditioning/81
4.3.4.Modulation and Coding/81
CONTENTS xi
4.3.5.Data Transmission,Convergence and Rate
Selectivity/82
4.3.6.PHY Management/82
4.4.Summary/83
References/83
5.WLANs: MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL85
5.1.IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control/86
5.1.1.Network Configurations/86
5.1.2.Channel Access in IEEE 802.11/86
5.1.3.Channel Sensing/87
5.1.4.Collision Avoidance/88
5.1.4.1.Prioritizing IFS/88
5.1.4.2.Random Backoff/88
5.1.4.3.Discouraging Multiple Transmissions/89
5.1.4.4.Binary Exponential Backoff/89
5.1.4.5.Contention Window/89
5.1.5.Multiple Access in IEEE 802.11/89
5.1.6.DCF Transmission/91
5.1.7.PCF Transmission/92
5.1.8.User and Data Privacy/92
5.1.8.1.User Authentication/92
5.1.8.2.Data Encryption/93
5.1.9.Power Management/94
5.1.10.Fragmentation/95
5.1.11.Multimedia Support/95
5.2.IEEE 802.11e factor/95
5.2.1.Enhanced Station/96
5.2.2.Hybrid Coordinator/96
5.2.3.Enhanced DCF (EDCF)/96
5.2.4.Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF)/97
5.2.4.1.TXOP/97
5.3.Routing and Mobility Support/98
5.3.1.No Transition/98
5.3.2.BSS Transition/98
5.3.3.ESS Transition/98
5.4.MAC Layer Management/99
5.5.MAC Frames/99
xii CONTENTS
5.6.Multicasting Capability/100
5.7.HIPERLAN MAC/100
5.7.1.Network Configuration/100
5.7.2.Channel Access/101
5.7.2.1.Contention/101
5.7.2.2.Yield/101
5.7.3.Multiple Access/102
5.8.HIPERLAN 2/103
5.8.1.Channel Access/103
5.8.2.Multiple Access/103
5.8.3.Broadcast Phase/103
5.8.4.Downlink Phase/104
5.8.5.Uplink Phase/104
5.8.6.Direct Link/104
5.8.7.Random Access Phases/104
5.9.User and Data Privacy/104
5.10.Power Management/105
5.11.Multimedia Services/105
5.12.Routing/106
5.13.Mobility Support/107
5.14.MAC Frame/107
5.15.Teleconferencing Capability/108
5.16.Data Link Control (DLC) Layer/109
References/109
6.MOBILITYAND INTERNET PROTOCOLS113
6.1.Mobility in Internet Applications/114
6.1.1.Reconnectivity/114
6.1.2.Portability/114
6.1.3.Micromobility/115
6.2.Internet Protocols for Mobility/117
6.3.Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)/117
6.3.1.SIP versus H.323 and HTTP/117
6.3.2.SIP Provisions/118
6.3.3.SIP Request Types/118
6.3.4.SIP Response Types/120
6.3.5.SIP Operation/120
6.3.6.SIP and Cellular Networks/121
6.3.7.SIP and 3GPP,3GPP2/123
CONTENTS xiii
6.4.Mobile IP/123
6.4.1.Mobile IP Components/124
6.4.1.1.Mobile Host (MH)/124
6.4.1.2.Home Address/124
6.4.1.3.Correspondent Host (CH)/124
6.4.1.4.Mobile Home Agent (HA)/124
6.4.1.5.Mobile Foreign Agent (FA)/124
6.4.1.6.Mobility Agent (MA)/124
6.4.1.7.Mobility Detection/124
6.4.2.Agent Discovery/125
6.4.3.Registration/125
6.4.4.De-registration/125
6.4.5.Care-of Address (CoA)/126
6.4.6.Tunneling/126
6.4.7.Mobile IP Usage Scenario/127
6.4.8.Security Measures in Mobile IP/129
6.4.9.Limitations of Mobile IP/129
6.4.10.Mobile IP Messages/132
6.4.11.Internet Standards for Cellular Networks/132
6.5.Mobility Management in an Access Network/133
6.5.1.Address Allocation/133
6.5.2.Data Communications/133
6.5.3.Mobility/134
6.6.Cellular IP/134
6.6.1.Components of a Cellular IP System/135
6.6.1.1.Active and Passive Mobile Hosts/135
6.6.1.2.Base Station/135
6.6.1.3.Gateway Router/135
6.6.1.4.Base Station Routing Cache/135
6.6.1.5.Route Update Packet/136
6.6.1.6.Uplink/Downlink Packet/136
6.6.1.7.Semisoft Handoff/136
6.6.1.8.Paging Area/136
6.6.1.9.Paging Update Packet/136
6.6.1.10.Paging Cache/136
6.6.2.cIP Usage Scenario/136
6.6.2.1.Hard Handoff/138
6.6.2.2.Semisoft Handoff/138
6.6.3.cIP and Mobile IP/138
xiv CONTENTS
6.7.IPv6 and Mobility Management/139
6.7.1.Expanded Address Space/139
6.7.2.Efficient HA Registration/139
6.7.3.Autoconfiguration of IP Addresses/139
6.7.4.Mobility Detection/140
6.7.5.Optimized Routing/140
6.7.5.1.Higher Layer Bindings/140
6.7.6.Security/140
6.7.7.Micromobility/141
6.7.8.Network Support for Application-Level Mobile IPv6/141
6.7.9.Internet and Cellular Networking/141
References/142
7.DATACOMMUNICATIONS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS:
CDMA2000145
7.1.Business Wireless Data Networks/146
7.1.1.Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Network/147
7.1.2.ARDIS/147
7.1.3.RAM Data Networks/147
7.2.Cellular Data Networks/148
7.2.1.Cooperation Explosion/148
7.2.2.3G Air Interfaces/149
7.2.3.UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)/151
7.3.Release D for cdma2000 Based Access/151
7.3.1.Fast Call Setup (FCS)/152
7.3.2.Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID)/152
7.3.3.Broadcast and Multicast Services (BCMCS)/153
7.4.cdma2000 Standard/153
7.4.1.CDMA Timescale/155
7.4.2.Physical Layer (PHY)/155
7.4.2.1.Radio Configuration (RC)/155
7.4.2.2.Access Channel/155
7.4.2.3.Reverse Packet Data Channel (R-PDCH)—
10ms (19.2kbps–1.84Mbps)/155
7.4.2.4.Transmission/158
7.4.2.5.Forwards Packet Data Channel/160
7.5.cdma2000 Medium Access Control/160
7.5.1.Mux and QoS (MaQ) Sublayer/162
7.5.2.Access Channel Procedures/162
CONTENTS xv
7.5.3.Packet Data Channel Control Functions (PDCHCF)/163
7.5.3.1.Forward PDCHCF (FPDCHCF)/164
7.5.3.2.Reverse PDCHCF (RPDCHCF)/164
7.6.All-IP Architecture/164
7.6.1.Networking Elements/164
7.6.1.1.Access Gateway (AGW)/164
7.6.1.2.Authentication Center (AC)/164
7.6.1.3.Base Station (BS)/164
7.6.1.4.Call Session Control Function (CSCF)/164
7.6.1.5.Databases/165
7.6.1.6.Equipment Identity Register (EIR)/165
7.6.1.7.Home Agent (HA)/165
7.6.1.8.Home Location Register (HLR)/165
7.6.1.9.Interworking Function (IWF)/165
7.6.1.10.Media Gateway (MGW)/165
7.6.1.11.Media Resource Function Processor
(MRFP)/165
7.6.1.12.Mobile Station (MS)/165
7.6.1.13.Mobility Management (MM)/166
7.6.1.14.Mobile Switching Center (MSC)/166
7.6.1.15.Message Center (MC)/166
7.6.1.16.OSA-Service Capability Server
(OSA-SCS)/166
7.6.1.17.Packet Control Function (PCF)/166
7.6.1.18.Policy Decision Function (PDF)/166
7.6.1.20.Visitor Location Register (VLR)/166
7.6.2.Planar Architecture/166
7.6.2.1.Access Plane/167
7.6.2.2.Network Plane/167
7.6.2.3.Multimedia Bearer Plane/169
7.6.2.4.Multimedia Application Server Control
Plane/169
7.7.Summary/169
References/170
8.DATACOMMUNICATIONS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS:
W-CDMA173
8.1.Components of the UMTS Network/174
8.2.UMTS Network Domains/175
xvi CONTENTS
8.2.1.UE Domain/176
8.2.2.Infrastructure Domain/176
8.3.Strata/177
8.4.Radio Access Network (RAN)/177
8.4.1.Transport and Logical Channels/178
8.4.2.Physical Layer (PHY)/178
8.5.UMTS Services/179
8.6.Improvements Over Release 99/179
8.7.IMS System Concepts/185
8.7.1.Internet Multimedia Core Network (IM-CN)/186
8.7.2.IP Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN)/186
8.7.3.Terminals/186
8.8.Session Layer Architecture/186
8.8.1.Interrogation CSCF (I-CSCF)/186
8.8.2.Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF)/187
8.8.3.Server CSCF (S-CSCF)/187
8.8.4.Home Subscriber Server (HSS)/187
8.8.5.Media Gateways and Associated Control Functions
(MGW,MGCF,SGW,BGCF)/187
8.8.6.Media Resource Functions (MRF)/188
8.9.Open Service Access (OSA)/188
8.9.1.OSA Interfaces/188
8.9.2.OSA Functions/190
8.9.2.1.Framework (FW) Functions of OSA/190
8.9.2.2.Network Function of OSA/190
8.9.2.3.User Data Related Functions of OSA/190
8.10.Parlay/191
8.10.1.Parlay Background/191
8.11.IPv4/IPv6 Scenarios Towards All-IP Infrastructure/192
8.11.1.GPRS Scenarios/192
8.11.2.IMS Scenarios/194
8.12.3GPP Release 6 Objectives/194
8.13.Summary/194
References/195
9.SECURITYIN WIRELESS DATANETWORKS197
9.1.Ascribing Security to a Network/198
9.1.1.Why Are Wireless Network Devices a Bigger
Challenge?/199
CONTENTS xvii
9.2.Security Network Architecture/199
9.2.1.Securing a Standalone Device/201
9.2.2.Securing a Networked Device/201
9.2.3.Securing a Wireless Networked Device/202
9.3.Secure Operating System (SOS)/203
9.4.Components of Security System/205
9.4.1.Protocols/206
9.4.1.1.Authentication/206
9.4.1.2.Association/Registration/206
9.4.1.3.Re-association/Visitor Registration/206
9.4.1.4.Wireline Equivalence Privacy (WEP)/206
9.4.1.5.IPsec/207
9.4.1.6.SSL/207
9.4.1.7.EAP/207
9.4.2.Algorithms/207
9.4.2.1.Encryption/208
9.4.2.2.Secret-Key Algorithms/208
9.4.2.3.Public-Key Algorithms/208
9.4.2.3.1.How Is Two-Key Cipher
Possible?/209
9.4.2.4.Block and Stream Ciphers/211
9.4.2.5.Rounds,Key-Size and Data Block/211
9.4.3.Examples of Encryption Algorithms/211
9.4.3.1.Advanced Encryption System (AES)/211
9.4.3.2.Data Encryption System (DES) and Triple
DES/212
9.4.3.3.f8 Algorithm/212
9.4.3.4.RC4/212
9.4.4.Hash Algorithms/213
9.4.4.1.Message Digest (MD)/213
9.4.4.2.Message Authentication Code (MAC)/213
9.4.4.3.Digital Signature (DS)/214
9.4.4.4.Digital Certificate (DC)/214
9.4.5.Examples of Hash Algorithms/214
9.4.5.1.SHA-1/214
9.4.5.2.MD5/214
9.4.5.3.H-MAC/214
9.4.5.Key/215
9.4.5.1.Key-Generation Algorithms/215
xviii CONTENTS
9.4.5.1.1.Diffie-Hellman (DH)
Algorithm/217
9.4.5.1.2.RSA Algorithm/218
9.4.5.2.Server-Based Key Management/218
9.4.5.3.Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI)/219
9.4.5.4.Other Key Infrastructure/221
9.5.Wireline Equivalent Privacy (WEP)/221
9.5.1.WEP Architecture/221
9.5.2.WEP Vulnerabilities/222
9.6.Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)/223
9.6.1.Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)/223
9.6.1.1.Michael/224
9.6.1.2.IV Sequence Enforcement/224
9.6.1.3.Key Mixing/224
9.6.1.4.Rekeying/224
9.6.2.TKIP Encapsulation Process/225
9.6.3.WPA Authentication/226
9.6.3.1.RADIUS-Based Authentication/226
9.6.3.2.Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Authentication/226
9.7.IEEE 802.11i / 227
9.7.1.Master Key (MK)/227
9.7.2.Pairwise Master Key (PMK)/228
9.7.3.Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)/228
9.7.4.IEEE 802.11i and WPA/229
9.8.Security in Cellular Networks/229
9.8.1.WCDMA Security Architecture/230
9.8.1.1.User Confidentiality/231
9.8.1.2.Mutual Authentication/231
9.8.1.3.Data Integrity and Encryption/232
9.8.1.4.Flexibility/232
9.8.2.Security in cdma2000/232
9.8.2.1.Using the A-Key/232
9.8.2.2.Amendments from Earlier Generations/233
9.9.Final Word/233
9.9.1.Alternative View/234
References/235
10.ROUTING IN WIRELESS LANs239
10.1.Routing in Infrastructure Networks/240
10.2.Ad Hoc Wireless Networks/241
CONTENTS xix
10.2.1.Characteristics of MANETs/242
10.2.2.Goals of the IETF MANET Working Group/242
10.2.3.Sources of Failure in MANETs/242
10.2.3.1.Topological Failures/242
10.2.3.2.Channel Failures/242
10.2.3.3.Protocol Failures/242
10.3.Characteristics of a Good Routing Protocol/243
10.3.1.Performance Metrics/243
10.3.2.Networking Context/243
10.4.Classifications of Routing Protocols/244
10.4.1.Pro-Active and Reactive Routing/244
10.4.2.Link State Versus Distance Vector/244
10.5.Routing Phases/245
10.6.Routing Mechanisms/245
10.6.1.Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)/245
10.6.2.Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)/246
10.6.3.Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)/247
10.6.4.Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
(AODV)/247
10.6.5.Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
(TORA)/247
10.6.6.Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)/247
10.6.7.Mobile Multimedia Wireless Network (MMWN)/248
10.6.8.Transmission Power Optimization/248
10.6.8.1.Flow Augmentation Routing (FAR)/248
10.6.8.2.Online Max-Min Routing (OMMR)/248
10.6.8.3.Power-Aware Localized Routing (PLR)/248
10.6.8.4.Minimum Energy Routing (MER)/248
10.6.8.5.Retransmission-Energy Aware Routing
(RAR)/248
10.6.8.6.Smallest Common Power (COMPOW)/248
10.6.9.Load Distribution Protocols/249
10.6.9.1.Localized Energy-Aware Routing
(LEAR)/249
10.6.10.SPAN Protocol/249
10.6.11.Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF)/249
10.6.12.Prototype Embedded Network (PEN)/249
10.7.Performance Comparison/249
10.8.Multicasting/250
10.8.1.Mobility Support Using Multicast IP (MSM-IP)/250
xx CONTENTS
10.8.2.Multicast Routing in MANETs/251
10.9.Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol/251
10.9.1.Protocol Operation/251
10.9.1.1.Route Caching/251
10.9.1.2.Route Discovery/251
10.9.1.3.Data Transmission Phase/253
10.9.1.4.Route Maintenance/254
10.9.2.Flow State Option/256
10.9.3.DSR Packet/256
10.10.Selecting the Best Route/256
10.10.1.Topology of Fixed Ad-Hoc Networks/257
10.10.1.1.Topology Index/258
10.10.2.Effect of Mobility/258
10.10.2.1.Mobility and Displacement/259
10.10.2.2.Mobility and Path Loss Models/260
10.10.3.Residual Battery/262
10.10.4.Example of Application of Above Results/263
10.10.5.Discussion/265
10.11.WLAN Routing Through Cellular Network Infrastructure/266
10.11.1.Introduction to OWLAN/266
10.11.2.Design Objectives/266
10.11.3.OWLAN System Architecture/267
10.11.4.System Elements/267
10.11.4.1.Authentication Server (AS)/269
10.11.4.2.Access Controller (AC)/269
10.11.4.3.Mobile Terminal (MT)/269
10.11.5.System Operation/269
10.11.5.1.MT (Mobile Terminal)/269
10.11.5.2.AC (Access Controller)/270
10.11.5.3.AS (Authentication Server)/270
10.12.Routing in Personal Area Networks/270
10.13.Summary/270
References/271
11.WIRELESS PERSONALAREANETWORKS AND
ULTRAWIDE BAND COMMUNICATIONS275
11.1.Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)/276
11.2.Terminology for WPANs/278
CONTENTS xxi
11.3.IEEE 802.15.1 Standard/278
11.3.1.Bluetooth Components/279
11.3.1.1.Bluetooth Stations/279
11.3.1.2.Network Configurations/279
11.3.1.3.Channel Media/280
11.3.1.4.Logical Channels/281
11.3.2.Bluetooth Network Operation/282
11.3.2.1.Access/283
11.3.2.2.Link Establishment/283
11.3.2.3.Synchronous Transmission Scenario/284
11.3.2.4.Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL)
Mode/284
11.3.3.Bluetooth Summary/285
11.4.Higher Data Rate PANs (IEEE 802.15.3)/285
11.4.1.High-Data-Rate Piconet (HDR-PN)/285
11.4.1.1.Piconet Controller (PNC)/286
11.4.1.2.Piconet Device (DEV)/286
11.4.1.3.Piconet Hierarchy/286
11.4.2.Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer/287
11.4.2.1.MAC Superframe/287
11.4.2.2.Beacon/287
11.4.2.3.Contention Access Period (CAP)/287
11.4.2.4.Channel Time Allocation Period
(CTAP)/287
11.4.2.5.Private CTA/288
11.4.3.IEEE 802.15.3 Physical Layer (PHY)/288
11.5.Ultra Wideband (UWB) Spectrum/290
11.5.1.UWB PHY for IEEE 802.15.3a/291
11.5.2.DS-UWB (Direct Sequence—Ultra Wideband)/292
11.5.2.1.Modulation/292
11.5.3.Multi-Band OFDM PHY Proposal/293
11.6.Low Data Rate WPANs (LR-WPANs) and IEEE 802.15.4/295
11.6.1.Network Configuration/297
11.6.1.1.Star Topology/297
11.6.1.2.Peer-to-Peer Topology/298
11.6.2.LR-PAN Physical Layer (PHY)/298
11.6.3.LR-PAN Medium Access Control (MAC)/299
11.6.3.1.MAC Features/299
11.6.3.2.Synchronization and Data Transfer/299
xxii CONTENTS
11.6.3.3.Beacons/301
11.6.3.4.Active and Inactive Portions/301
11.6.3.5.Contention Access Period (CAP) and
Contention-Free Period (CFP)/301
11.6.4.Data Transfer Modes/301
11.6.5.MAC Frames/302
11.6.6.MAC Security/303
11.7.Summary/303
References/303
12.BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS (BWA)305
12.1.Line-of-Site (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Site (NLoS) Systems/307
12.2.Effect of Antenna Type/308
12.3.BWA Spectrum/308
TM
12.4.BRAN versus WirelessMAN
/ 309
TM
12.5.IEEE WirelessMAN / 311
12.5.1.WirelessMAN Station Types/312
12.5.1.1.Base Station (BS)/312
12.5.1.2.Subscriber’s Station (SS)/312
12.5.2.Network Topologies/312
12.5.2.1.Bandwidth Stealing/314
12.5.2.2.Adaptive Modulation/314
12.5.2.3.Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)/314
12.5.3.WirelessMAN Protocol Architecture/314
12.5.4.MAC Sublayer/314
12.5.4.1.Service Flow/315
12.5.4.2.MAC PDU/315
12.5.4.2.1.MAC Header/315
12.5.4.2.2.CRC/316
12.5.4.3.Transmission of MAC PDU/317
12.5.4.4.QoS Provisioning/318
12.5.4.5.Distributed and Centralized Scheduling in
eWMAN/318
12.5.4.6.Duplexing Techniques/318
12.5.4.7.Bandwidth Management/321
12.5.4.8.Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)/321
12.5.4.9.Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)/321
12.5.4.10.Other MAC Sublayers/322
12.5.5.WirelessMAN PHYs/323
CONTENTS xxiii
12.5.6.WMAN PHY (10–66GHz)/323
12.5.6.1.PHY Frame/323
12.5.6.2.Downlink Frames/324
12.5.6.2.Uplink PHY Frame/325
12.5.6.3.Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)
Sublayer/327
12.6.IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA)/328
12.6.1. Objectives / 330
12.7.Cellular and Satellite Networks as Wireless Local Loops
(WLL)s/330
References/331
APPENDIX: OVERVIEW AND GUIDE TO THE IEEE 802 LMSC333
INDEX343 |
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发表于 2006-12-14 21:06:37
